Forward Simulation of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images in the Frame of the Enmap Mission

The simulation of remote sensing images is necessary for many tasks, such as the definition of future Earth Observation systems, the optimization of instrument parameters, and the development and validation of data processing algorithms. The presented hyperspectral scene simulator has been developed in the frame of the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) mission. It consists of four processing modules producing EnMAP-like reflectance, radiance and digital counts data by means of a sequential processing. As input serve simulated high spectral and spatial resolution reflectance data with realistic surface patterns provided by real remote sensing data. This input reflectance is converted to Top-of-Atmosphere radiance data by an atmospheric radiative transfer model capable of simulating different acquisition scenarios and atmospheric conditions. The sensor geometry is adapted to the EnMAP orbit and operating characteristics. Spatial aberrations such as keystone, telescope distortion and smile and co-registration are all considered in the spatial processing (spatial module). The generated high spectral resolution radiance data are used to generate the final EnMAP images after simulation of the instrumental spectral and radiometric responses.